“I hold this slow, and daily, tampering with the mysteries of the brain to be immeasurably worse than any torture of the body.” Charles Dickens, 1842Eastern State Penitentiary dominates Fairmount Ave in Philadelphia. The physical structure is intimidating, but the stories of the horrors that happened there are even more terrifying. Interestingly, though, the people who founded Eastern State and the man who designed it, John Haviland, thought they were creating a more humane and effective prison.They were wrong. This week, Mazal and Fayge look at the life and career of the architect John Haviland, the legacy of his most famous structure, and the psychological impacts of solitary confinement.Further Reading: (Some links below are affiliate links that earn a commission for purchases made at no additional cost to you)The Prison at Philadelphia Cherry Hill by Teeters and Shearer(Considered by many to be THE text on Eastern State Penitentiary)Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Structure ReportEastern State Penitentiary: Crucible of Good Intentions by: Norman Bruce Johnston et alTrial and Error at Allegheny: The Western State Penitentiary 1818-1838 by: Eugene E. DollArchitecture of Redemption? Contradictions of Solitary Confinement at Eastern State Penitentiary by: Myles ZhangFinding John Haviland by Nicholas PappasBooks about Modern Mass Incarceration in the United StatesChokehold: Policing Black Men by Paul ButlerThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness by Michelle AlexanderThe First Civil Right: How Liberals Built Prison America by Naomi MurakawaQueer (In)Justice: The Criminalization of LGBT People in the United StatesEffects of solitary confinementThis is the one I refer to the most on the podcast: The Impacts of Solitary Confinement: https://www.vera.org/downloads/publications/the-impacts-of-solitary-confinement.pdfHow Solitary Confinement Contributes to the Mental Health Crisis: https://www.nami.org/advocate/how-solitary-confinement-contributes-to-the-mental-health-crisis/The research is clear: Solitary confinement causes long-lasting harm: https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/12/08/solitary_symposium/The body in isolation: The physical health impacts of incarceration in solitary confinement: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7546459/Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1362&context=law_journal_law_policyWhat are the effects of solitary confinement on health?: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/solitary-confinement-effectsHistory of solitary confinement, including a bit about Walnut Street Prison and ESP (a really great paper from the pieces I read of it; I used a lot from here): Continuity in the Face of Penal Innovation: Revisiting the History of American Solitary Confinement: https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/media/publications/Continuity_in_the_Face_of_Penal_Innovation_-_Revisiting_the_History_of_American_Solitary_Confinement_2018.pdf~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Keep the conversation going on our Substack!(You don't need a Substack account to subscribe)Thank you to April Keez for the use of the songs "Misfit" and "Grow Up" from the Album Mountainview. Find her album on Bandcamp.Audio drop from: The Road to Mass IncarcerationQuotes from: Former President George W. Bush (as a Texas gubernatorial candidate), Former Texas Governor Ann Richards, Former Representative of Virginia George Allen, and Former Texas Senator Phil Gramm.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~www.DListersofHistory.comD Listers of History on ThreadsD Listers of History on TikTokD Listers of History on InstagramSupport us on Patreon!